Boom town Barrow? Billions could be pumped into Cumbrian industrial town with HUNDREDS of highly-paid jobs as part of deal to build new fleet of Australian nuclear subs
- Unprecedented security partnership was announced by Boris Johnson, Joe Biden and Scott Morrison
- The agreement will see UK, US and Australia share nuclear technology secrets in tech battle with the Chinese
- The pact means Australian navy will be equipped with nuclear-powered vessels made in the UK and the US
- France was due to make Australia’s new subs – but claimed last night it had been ‘stabbed in the back’
- New Zealand also isolated with Jacinda Ardern declaring the submarines will be banned from their waters
Billions of pounds could be pumped into Cumbrian industrial town Barrow-in-Furness – once ‘England’s Chicago’ – as part of Britain’s nuclear submarine pact with Australia and the United States after Boris Johnson boasted it will create hundreds of jobs in the UK.
The Prime Minister told the Commons today that the new security partnership between London, Washington and Canberra – dubbed ‘AUKUS’ – is expected to deliver a much-needed jobs boost to British manufacturers in poorer seaside towns such as Barrow.
Once regarded as ‘England’s Chicago’, Barrow became a Victorian powerhouse as it evolved in the 19th Century from a hamlet into the biggest iron and steel producer in the world.
Nearly 9,000 people are employed at the massive shipyard now owned by BAE Systems, where Britain’s four Vanguard class submarines – which carry the nation’s nuclear deterrent – were built, and where the new Dreadnought class submarine to replace Vanguard is being constructed.
Fleshing out the plans this morning, Mr Johnson suggested that Barrow and Derby, where Rolls Royce has an engineering hub, could benefit from the security deal and it could generate work for ‘decades and decades’ – although final decision are not expected for years.
However, council leaders have warned that it will take more than just more jobs in shipbuilding to revive the town, which has a declining population and is one of the poorest parts of the country.
The population decrease is partly explained by young people voting with their feet to find work in sectors other than manufacturing. In Barrow, manufacturing accounts for 30 per cent of all jobs – much higher than the eight per cent national average, according to ONS figures.
People may have also wanted to leave Barrow to avoid suffering respiratory illness caused by manufacturing, and which is thought to have been one of the main drivers of high case rates of Covid during the pandemic – causing the town to be branded the ‘virus capital of the UK’ for a time.
Unable to attract families and young people from other parts of the country, its town centre continues to suffer – with public services run to the ground and the high street vanishing. During the Covid crisis, for instance, Topshop, River Island and Marks & Spencer stores all shut down Portland Walk in the town centre.
Its decline has made Barrow one of the poorest parts of England with food bank usage across the Barrow borough surging by 280 per cent during the first national lockdown while the life expectancy in the council’s wealthiest ward is 11 years higher than in its poorest ward.
The situation is so dire that the town elected a Conservative MP – Simon Fell – in the 2019 General Election for the first time in nearly thirty years after the Prime Minister’s ‘levelling up’ campaign helped smash Labour’s so-called ‘red wall’ in northern England to pieces.
Sam Plum, Barrow Borough Council’s chief executive, said earlier this year Barrow cannot afford to depend too much on one employer – in this case, BAE Systems – and that it must be remembered that BAE needs a strong town to attract the skilled people required to keep the yard working.
‘If Barrow doesn’t have a really good town centre, doesn’t have a thriving housing market, doesn’t have a good education sector they are never going to be able to attract the kind of people they need in the yard,’ she warned.
Addressing MPs in the Commons, the PM denied that the alliance was an ‘adversarial’ move towards China – which has slammed it as evidence of a Cold War mentality’.
BAE Systems Plc’s production plant is pictured in Barrow-in-Furness, north west England, on May 18, 2020
Mr Johnson said it was ‘great’ news for jobs across the UK and would generate work for ‘decades and decades’. He suggested that Derby, where Rolls Royce has an engineering hub, and Barrow-in-Furness, where the shipyard has historically been involved in submarine building, could benefit, although final decisions are not expected for years
Britain and America are to help Australia build a fleet of nuclear-powered submarines as part of an unprecedented alliance known as the AUKUS pact to combat China’s naval dominance and will likely be the similar design as this Astute class submarine HMS Ambush (pictured)
Boris Johnson (left) hailed the potential for ‘hundreds’ of jobs being created in the UK, but Ben Wallace (right) admitted it was ‘understandable’ that France was disappointed
Why Australia needed a new deal with the UK and the US: Australia’s defence capabilities are dwarfed by those of China
China has inflamed tensions in the South China Sea in recent years by expanding its claimed territory, to the objection of its neighbors in the Asia-Pacific
Australia’s new nuclear submarine fleet won’t be welcome in New Zealand, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has warned.
The new submarines are the centrepiece of a new security deal – known as AUKUS – agreed to by Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom and announced on Thursday morning.
New Zealand has been left out of the alliance, despite being a member of the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing network, along with AUKUS members and Canada.
The Kiwi leader said the formation of AUKUS ‘in no way changes our security and intelligence ties with these three countries’.
‘We welcome the increased engagement of the UK and US in the region and reiterate our collective objective needs to be the delivery of peace and stability and the preservation of the international rules based system,’ she said.
Ms Ardern was briefed on the alliance by Scott Morrison on Wednesday night.
New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has warned Australia’s new nuclear submarine fleet won’t be welcome in New Zealand
On Thursday morning, she made clear the submarines would not be welcome in New Zealand’s waters, in line with a long-held policy.
New Zealand has been staunchly nuclear-free for decades, earning the ire of the United States by declining visits from nuclear-powered ships.
‘New Zealand is first and foremost a nation of the Pacific and we view foreign policy developments through the lens of what is in the best interest of the region,’ she said.
‘New Zealand’s position in relation to the prohibition of nuclear powered vessels in our waters remains unchanged.’
New Zealand’s opposition has rung the alarm over the deal, saying they’ve been cut out of the new defence pact.
‘It’s disappointing that after many years of New Zealand’s co-operation with our traditional allies, the current Government appears to have been unable to participate in discussions for ‘AUKUS’,’ opposition National leader Judith Collins said.
‘New Zealand’s strong nuclear-free stance shouldn’t have been a barrier to us joining such a partnership. We could have been carved out of the nuclear aspect of the partnership,’ Ms Collins says.
The jubilant comments from Mr Johnson came as ministers admitted it is ‘understandable’ that France is upset after its $90bn submarine contract with Canberra was torn up.
The new pact – called AUKUS – will see America and Britain cooperate to build Australia’s first ever nuclear submarine fleet, comprising at least eight vessels.
The trio will also share other military technologies such as artificial intelligence, cyber defence, quantum computing and long-range strike capabilities.
Mr Johnson, Joe Biden and Scott Morrison were careful not to mention Beijing as they announced the new deal last night, but there can be little doubt that the alliance’s purpose is to counter China’s growing aggression – particularly in the South China Sea, which is criss-crossed by valuable trading routes, and towards Taiwan.
China wasted little time responding to the deal, with foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian denouncing the ‘exclusionary bloc’ which he said ‘seriously undermines regional peace and stability and intensifies the arms race.’
But Beijing is far from the only upset party. Paris was also quick to react, with foreign minister Yves Le-Drian complaining it is a ‘stab in the back’ after a $90bn deal for France supply Australia with 12 conventionally-powered submarines was torn up. The French subs were not due for completion until mid-2030, while the new pact aims for a much faster delivery time.
Fleshing out the plans in the Commons this morning, Mr Johnson said it was ‘great’ news for jobs across the UK and would generate work for ‘decades and decades’.
He suggested that Derby, where Rolls Royce has an engineering hub, and Barrow-in-Furness, where the shipyard has historically been involved in submarine building, could benefit, although final decisions are not expected for years.
‘What I can say is that there will be an 18-month scoping exercise to establish where the work should go between the three partners. But clearly there are deep pools of expertise throughout the United Kingdom,’ he said.
‘There is expertise across the United Kingdom and I have no doubt whatever that it will bring hundreds of high-skilled, high-wage jobs of the kind that we want to see in our country, and increasingly are seeing.’
Mr Johnson insisted: ‘I think it is important for the House to understand that Aukus is not intended to be adversarial towards any other power.
‘But it merely reflects the close relationship that we have with the United States and with Australia, the shared values that we have and the sheer level of trust between us that enables us to go to this extraordinary extent of sharing nuclear technology in the way that we are proposing to do.
‘Obviously, we also have a shared interest in promoting democracy, human rights, freedom of navigation and freedom of trade around the world. And I think those are values and perspectives that I hope the whole House will support.’
Mr Johnson also played down the impact on the UK’s military relationship with France, saying ties are ‘rock solid’.
He told the Commons: ‘The House should be in no doubt that this Government’s commitment to Nato is absolutely unshakeable and indeed has been strengthened by the massive commitments we have made, the biggest uplift in defence spending since the Cold War.’
He said: ‘Our relationship with France, our military relationship with France, again, Mr Speaker, is rock solid.
‘And we stand shoulder-to-shoulder with the French, whether in the Sahel where we are running a joint operation against terrorists in Mali, or whether in Estonia where we currently we have the largest Nato operation.’
But Defence Secretary Ben Wallace admitted that he could see why Paris is ‘disappointed’.
In a round of interviews, Mr Wallace told BBC Breakfast he spoke to his French counterpart Florence Parly last night.
‘I understand France’s disappointment,’ he said.
‘They had a contract with the Australians for diesel-electrics from 2016 and the Australians have taken this decision that they want to make a change.
‘We didn’t go fishing for that, but as a close ally, when the Australians approached us, of course we would consider it. I understand France’s frustration about it.’
Theresa May also raised questions with the PM about how the pact would affect the UK response should China attempt to invade Taiwan.
The former premier said: ‘(Mr Johnson) said yesterday that this partnership has the aim of working hand-in-glove to preserve security and stability in the Indo-Pacific.
‘Can I ask him what are the implications of this pact for the stance that would be taken by the United Kingdom in its response should China attempt to invade Taiwan?’
Mr Johnson replied: ‘The United Kingdom remains determined to defend international law and that is the strong advice we would give to our friends across the world, and the strong advice that we would give to the government in Beijing.’
Britain’s submarine expertise: Where could new jobs be created?
The new security partnership deal between the UK, US and Australia is expected to deliver a jobs boost to British manufacturers who specialise in building submarines.
Britain has more than 60 years of experience of fabricating and operating nuclear powered submarines.
That expertise will now be deployed to help Australia gain its own fleet, with Boris Johnson promising the deal will ‘drive jobs and prosperity’.
The Government has highlighted the work of Rolls Royce near Derby and BAE Systems in Barrow – two sites which are crucial in the Royal Navy’s submarine programme.
Rolls Royce provides the equipment that powers the UK’s nuclear submarines in the form of its Nuclear Steam Raising Plants.
Its engineers design and make reactor cores, connecting pipework and valves, and the crucial electronic control systems.
Rolls Royce Submarines currently employs more than 1,500 engineers on the programme.
Meanwhile, the BAE Systems site in Barrow-in-Furness on the edge of the Lake District provides the base for building the UK’s submarines.
Britain’s four Vanguard class submarines – which carry the nation’s nuclear deterrent – were built in Barrow, and the Astute class attack submarines continue to be built there.
BAE Systems is also constructing the new Dreadnought class submarine which will replace Vanguard to provide the UK’s continuous at sea deterrent.
The firm’s submarine-specific business employs 4,100 people across several UK locations.
Downing Street has said there will be ‘extensive work carried out in the UK’ after a pact was signed with the US and Australia to co-operate on nuclear-powered submarines.
The Prime Minister’s official spokesman said: ‘You will appreciate this is in the early stages, the Prime Minister set out there is now an 18-month process where we consider the technical and practical issues of the project.
‘It’s fair to say there will be extensive work carried out in the UK, as well as the United States and Australia. It will create hundreds of jobs over the lifetime of the project and we can expect investment to be in the tens of billions.’
Asked if the alliance was a benefit of Brexit, the spokesman said: ‘I wouldn’t dispute the fact that we’re able to move in this way now we’re not a part of the European Union and that is to the benefit of the British people.’
Aside from France, the deal also side-lines New Zealand and Canada – who together with the UK, US and Australia make up the Cold War-era Five Eyes intelligence alliance. While AUKUS is not a straight replacement for Five Eyes, it is almost certain to reduce its importance and isolates Wellington and Ottawa from the group.
It seems the duo have been punished for failing to take a stronger stance against Beijing, just four months after New Zealand refused to sign a joint Five Eyes statement which criticised China’s aggression in the South China Sea, its crackdown in Hong Kong, threats to Taiwan and its treatment of Uyghur Muslims.
Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand’s left-wing PM, has since admitted that she was not even consulted on the new pact – adding that Australia’s new subs will be banned from entering New Zealand waters under the country’s long-standing ‘nuclear free’ policy.
Meanwhile Canada is thought to have angered Washington after refusing to ban Chinese firm Huawei from incorporating its technology into the country’s 5G network – something America believes will leave it vulnerable to Beijing’s spies.
Liberal Prime Minister Justin Trudeau did not immediately react to the deal, suggesting he may also have been left out of the loop – though his Defence Department insisted it had been informed before the announcement was made while stressing the continued importance of Five Eyes.
China’s President Xi Jinping currently controls the world’s largest Navy, when measured purely by the number of vessels – comprising some 770 vehicles, including large numbers of patrol ships and subs.
He is using the fleet to lay claim to the entire South China Sea – something the West and its allies hotly dispute – while also menacing Taiwan.
Western nations have been pushing back, sailing so-called ‘freedom of navigation’ missions through the region to test Xi’s resolve – with a recent and high-profile mission sailed by Britain’s £3bn HMS Queen Elizabeth aircraft carrier and her ‘strike group’, comprised of British and American destroyers alongside support vessels.
The US possesses what is widely regarded as the world’s most-powerful navy which includes a huge fleet of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers.
Giving Australia nuclear submarines is a significant development because the vessels need to refuel far less-often than traditional subs, allowing them to stay submerged longer and roam further – sailing undetected into waters which Beijing is trying to claim.
Chinese state media has threatened to carry out ‘freedom of navigation’ operations of its own, with regime mouthpiece Global Times publishing an editorial on Wednesday threatening that warships will ‘soon’ turn up off the coasts of Hawaii and Guam – where the US has large military bases.
‘Hopefully when Chinese warships pass through the Caribbean Sea or show up near Hawaii and Guam one day, the US will uphold the same standard of freedom of navigation,’ the article said. ‘That day will come soon.’
Under the terms of the new pact, the UK, US and Australia will spend the next 18 months working to construct a framework that will allow Australia to safely take command of a nuclear-powered fleet and other sensitive technologies.
The submarines will then be constructed in South Australia, making use of facilities already in place that were supposed to be used for the now-cancelled French submarines.
The UK’s Rolls-Royce plant near Derby and BAE Systems in Barrow-in-Furness are also expected to be involved in the design and build of the submarines, creating hundreds of highly-skilled scientific and engineering roles in Britain.
It is not clear exactly what type of submarines Australia will eventually receive, or what technology will be incorporated in them.
Britain’s Prime Minister Boris Johnson, Australia’s Prime Minister Scott Morrison (C) and US President Joe Biden attend a joint press conference to announce the AUKUS partnership last night
A man waves a Union flag as the British Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth sails out of Tokyo bay on September 08, in a journey that has inflamed tensions with China
Why is Australia acquiring nuclear-powered subs?
Why nuclear submarines?
Nuclear submarines are powered by nuclear reactors which produce heat that creates high-pressured steam to spin turbines and power the boat’s propeller.
They can run for about 20 years before needing to refuel, meaning food supplies are the only limit on time at sea.
The boats are also very quiet, making it harder for enemies to detect them and can travel at top speed – about 40kmh – for longer than diesel-powered subs.
The first nuclear submarines were put to sea by the United States in the 1950s. They are now also in use by Russia, France, the United Kingdom, China, and India.
A senior US defence official told reporters in Washington DC: ‘This will give Australia the capability for their submarines to basically deploy for a longer period, they’re quieter, they’re much more capable.
‘They will allow us to sustain and to improve deterrence across the Indo-Pacific.’
Zack Cooper, a senior fellow with the American Enterprise Institute, said nuclear submarines would hugely boost Australia’s military capability.
‘They are going to be much, much more capable in the large, expansive ocean that is Australia has to deal with,’ he told the ABC.
Will Australia have nuclear weapons?
Scott Morrison made it clear that the nuclear-power submarines will not have nuclear missiles on board.
Australia has never produced nuclear weapons and signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1973 which prevents non-nuclear states which don’t already have them from developing nuclear weapons.
Mr Morrison also said the Australia has no plans to build nuclear power stations which are widely used around the world.
‘But let me be clear, Australia is not seeking to acquire nuclear weapons or establish a civil nuclear capability,’ he said.
‘And we will continue to meet all our nuclear non-proliferation obligations.’
Why now?
Australia needs to replace its six ageing Collins-class submarines.
In 2016 it signed a deal with French Company Naval Group to build 12 diesel-electric attack subs – but the parties were in dispute over the amount of building that would be done in Australia.
That deal has now been torn up in favour of nuclear powered subs aided by the US and UK who will provide the technology to Australia.
The West is becoming increasingly concerned about the growing assertiveness of China in the Indo-Pacific region where it has made huge territorial claims in the South and East China seas, clashed with Indian troops and repeatedly flown planes over Taiwan.
Mr Morrison wants Australia to have serious defence capability to deter China from encroaching in the Pacific and long-range nuclear submarines are just the ticket.
China has vastly built up its military in the past few years and now possesses six Shang-class nuclear powered attack submarines, equipped with torpedoes and cruise missiles.
The deal marks the first time in 50 years that the US has shared its submarine technology, and Australia will be only the second country to receive it – after the UK.
Australia will join an elite group of nations operating nuclear-powered subs that includes France, China, India and Russia. The deal will not give Australia nuclear weapons, as the country has a long-standing commitment not to develop them.
Australia already has diesel-electric submarines but the new stealthier fleet will be faster, able to carry more, and can stay underwater for longer – covering greater distances without expelling traceable exhaust gases.
The new submarines, built using UK and US components, will ‘protect and defend our shared interests in the Indo- Pacific’, Downing Street said.
Britain will also share its cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies and undersea systems with allies as part of the deal, ushering in a new era of collaboration on security and defence-related science, technology, industrial bases and supply chains.
China already has a substantial number of nuclear-powered submarines. The Pentagon assessed in its 2020 China Military Power report that China has the largest navy in the world, with an overall battle force of approximately 350 ships and submarines, including more than 130 major surface vessels.
China was not mentioned in the cross-continental briefing but there was frequent reference to the changing situation in the region.
Tom Tugendhat, Conservative chairman of the Commons Foreign Committee, said: ‘The reason for all this is clear – China.’
He tweeted: ‘After years of bullying and trade hostility, and watching regional neighbours like the Philippines see encroachment into their waters, Australia didn’t have a choice.’
China’s U.S. embassy reacted, however, by saying that countries ‘should not build exclusionary blocs targeting or harming the interests of third parties.’
‘In particular, they should shake off their Cold-War mentality and ideological prejudice,’ it said.
Australia’s plea for help to replace its ageing Collins-class subs prompted the new deal agreed by Mr Johnson, US President Joe Biden and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison.
The last time Britain and the US formally agreed collaborate on nuclear technology to build submarines was in 1958.
Although Britain has operated nuclear-powered submarines for over 60 years, Canberra has never built its own.
Australia is seen as essential to counter China’s regional influence, especially in the contested South China Sea.
In recent years, the UK and Australia have increasingly worked together on defence, with joint training exercises.
Last night Mr Johnson said: ‘The UK, Australia and US are natural allies.
‘While we may be separated geographically, our interests and values are shared. The AUKUS alliance will bring us closer than ever, creating a new defence partnership and driving jobs and prosperity.’
As part of a joint statement with the other two leaders, Mr Johnson added: ‘The endeavour we launch today will help sustain peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
‘For more than 70 years, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have worked together, along with other important allies and partners, to protect our shared values and promote security and prosperity.
‘Today, with the formation of AUKUS, we recommit ourselves to this vision.’
In a live broadcast from Downing Street, the Prime Minister said the partnership would make the world safer.
The three countries already share extensive intelligence through the Five Eyes alliance, which also involves Canada and New Zealand.
It is not known when the vessels will be ready, but officials said the initial scoping phase is expected to take 18 months when it will be determined where they will be built and by whom.
Mr Johnson said Scotland and parts of the north of England and the Midlands would feel the benefit of the work on the nuclear-powered submarines, with the Government keen to exploit the Royal Navy’s decades-worth of knowledge of using such machines.
At a later press conference in Canberra, Mr Morrison said it was undecided if Australia would purchase British-built BAE Systems Astute class submarines or the Virginia class vessels constructed in the US.
French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and armed forces minister Florence Parly said in a statement issued by the country’s embassy in Canberra that it had taken note of Australia’s decision to halt the Future Submarine programme with France.
‘This decision is contrary to the letter and spirit of the cooperation that prevailed between France and Australia, based on a relationship of political trust and on the development of a very high-level defence industrial & technological base in Australia,’ the statement added.
‘The world is a jungle,’ ex-ambassador to the US Gerard Araud tweeted on Thursday morning
Earlier this year, in the integrated review of security and foreign policy, the UK Government outlined plans for a ’tilt’ in focus to the Indo-Pacific.
Aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth was earlier this year deployed on a voyage East in a decision said to be about sending a message to Beijing and Russia about Britain’s military might.
The Indo-Pacific area is of particular concern due to increasing geopolitical tensions such as unresolved territorial disputes and the risk of nuclear proliferation.
France has been ‘stabbed in the back’ by the Australian nuclear submarine deal, a former top diplomatic official has said.
‘The world is a jungle,’ ex-ambassador to the US Gerard Araud tweeted on Thursday.
‘France has just been reminded this bitter truth by the way the US and the UK have stabbed her in the back in Australia. C’est la vie.’
Australia has for years been planning to build a fleet of 12 diesel-powered submarines in Adelaide via French company Naval Group, with a deal made in 2016 valued at $90billion.
The French government later on Thursday said Australia’s decision to ditch the agreement was ‘contrary to the spirit of cooperation which prevailed’ between the two countries.
Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and Armed Forces Minister Florence Parly said the change in plan ‘marks an absence of coherence that France can only observe and regret’.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison reportedly held concerns Naval Group would be unable to deliver submarines until 2030 with deadline and price disputes.
Defence officials have openly discussed abandoning the deal since June and told a Senate estimates hearing in June there were ‘challenges’ with the agreement.
Australia will instead embrace nuclear power after decades of debate – marking the first time the US and UK have shared their nuclear submarine technology with another nation. orrison
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